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Scope of Stem Cells #biochemistry #ipumusings #stemcells #biotechnology #biology

SCOPE OF STEM CELLS

Scope of Stem Cells #biochemistry #ipumusings #stemcells #biotechnology #biology


Author: Preity Yadav

TRANSPLANTATION OF HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS:

Haematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) are Tissue-specific stem cells and contemplated for more than 50 years as ideal model systems in therapeutics. Nowadays, HSCs is the most popular stem cell therapy. The process for extraction of HSCs can be autologous (cells present within the body of a patient), allogeneic (cells obtained from a donor) or syngenic (cells from a similar twin). Diseases such as leukaemia and anaemia are possible to treat using HSCs treatment. Discovering the antigen matched donor or any immunoreaction can be a significant problem during this treatment. Induced Pluripotent Stem cells (IPSCs) can be crucial if used in this procedure.

Scope of Stem Cells #biochemistry #ipumusings #stemcells #biotechnology #biology


REJUVENATION THROUGH CELL PROGRAMMING:

Treatment using programmed cells was introduced back in 2011 as a cell repair study where cells extracted from elderly individuals showed high oxidative stress, different transcriptional signatures, defective mitochondria, dwarf telomere compared to immature cells. Many pieces of research are going on to repair and renew old cells. Scientists are discovering ways to implement cell reprogramming technology on humans and non-transgenic animals. By this, no sign of ageing could be visible; the epigenetic mark of cell identity will not remove.


STEM CELLS AND TISSUE BANKS:

SC is stored in tissue banks as an essential source of human tissue that can be utilized for medical examinations. The propagating features of specific stem cells decline with time, but this does not happen in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (IPSCs). The Umbilical cord contains many Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Promptly after the birth of a child, the stem cells can be stored and cryopreserved for further use in future and prevention from deadly disease. Methods for collecting stem cells are easy and do not involve the introduction of instruments in the body. It is simple and does not cause any pain to both parent and infant.


FERTILITY DISEASES:

Katsuhiko Hayashi, in 2011, worked on a mice model and was successful in proving that sperm can be formed using IPSCs. They could successfully deliver healthy and viable pups from sterile mice. Also, this experiment worked on female mice, and with the help of IPSCs, functional eggs could form from a sterile female mouse. The Group of individuals who benefit from cryopreserving testicular tissue are mostly cancer patients at risk of dissipating their spermatogonial stem cells. By hindering apoptosis and decreasing swelling in damaged ovarian tissue of mice, transplantation of human amniotic epithelial cells can constructively enhance ovarian function. Hence, it is advantageous for female cancer survivors whose ovaries get damaged. Many challenges are faced in infertility treatment, like the maturation of sperm and egg in vitro conditions and reducing the risk of formation of tumours. Also, the process should give a high yield.


USE OF STEM CELLS IN DENTISTRY:

The source of the problem can be removed by utilizing stem cells. The treatments used for periodontal diseases are usually graft, surgery or growth factor. Stem cells are present in the periodontal ligaments, which is used in peridontological treatment. Dentin regeneration was done in a case study of animals, which was successful for the development of the Dentin Bridge. In contrast with dentin, it is more strenuous to revitalize enamel. Although a healthy or fit dental tissue comprises a large number of stem cells, the amount of stem cells decreases if it gets damaged. The first human dental stem cells are taken out inside the dental pulp. Dental plum stem cells have many applications in the dental source of tissue engineering as they can be cryopreserved and have a straightforward surgical approach as compared to the non-dental SC. Dental Plum SC can construct all the parts of a mature tooth. Also, these stem cells do not undergo any ethical concerns like those of human embryonic stem cells.


SHAPING STEM CELL THERAPY BY NANOTECHNOLOGY:

Stem cells and nanotechnology are two of the utmost and well-known research areas with an efficient contribution towards welfare and improvement for human health. Several nanotechnology-based methods have flourished by using non-toxic and biodegradable nano-holds/nano-fibres such collagen nanofiber, graphene-oxide nanoparticles and tri-Ca-silicate for stem cell differentiation and rejuvenation therapy. Nano patterning is another new technique in stem cell nanotechnology. Nanopatterned coats can be employed for direct attachment or auto-renewal by the absence of a specific media, which can lead to the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells.


ABSTRACT:

HSCs are an essential and vastly studied group of stem cells. Recently, HSCs have been the most popular stem cell therapy. The process for extraction of HSC can be autologous(cells inherited within the body of a patient are used), allogenic(SC from the donor), syngenic (from a similar twin). Diseases such as leukaemia and anaemia can be cured by HSC treatment. For the first time in 2011, a cell repair study was published. Cells extracted from elderly individuals showed high oxidative stress, different transcriptional signatures, defective mitochondria, dwarf telomere in contrast with immature cells. SC can be reserved in tissue banks. They can act as an essential source of human tissue that can be utilized for medical examinations. The propagating features of specific stem cells decline with time, but this does not happen in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. The umbilical cord contains a large amount of MSC. Methods for collecting stem cells are easy and do not involve the introduction of instruments in the body. It is simple and does not cause any pain to both parent and infant. Katsuhiko Hayashi, in 2011, worked on mice and proved that sperm can be made from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. They could successfully deliver healthy and viable pups from sterile mice. The treatments used for periodontal diseases are usually graft, surgery or growth factor. Stem cells are present in the periodontal ligaments, which can be used for peridontological treatment. Dentin regeneration was done in a case study of animals which came out to be successful for the development of Dentin Bridge. Stem cells and nanotechnology are two of the utmost and well-known areas of research with an efficient contribution towards welfare and improvement for human health.

REFERENCES :

👉Nanotechnology shaping stem cell therapy: Recent advances, application, challenges, and future outlook. By -YongqiangDong, XudongWu, XuerongChen, PingZhou, FangmingXu, WenqingLiang. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (Volume 137, May 2021). [weblink]

Stem cells: past, present, and future. By - Wojciech Zakrzewski, Maciej Dobrzyński, Maria Szymonowicz ,Zbigniew Rybak.(2019) [weblink]


About the Author:



Preity Yadav, a graduate student of the University School of Chemical Technology, GGSIP University, Delhi. She is pursuing her degree in Biochemical engineering. 



👉See Also:

📌  Stem Cell Lines - A Walkthrough